銅雕的制作方法?
銅雕具有非常久遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展歷史,作為擺件的存在,更有很多的記載在出土的文物中,無論大小,有很多的銅雕塑。銅雕的制作是以銅料為胚,運用雕刻,鑄塑等特殊手法制作出來的一種雕塑。銅雕藝術(shù)主要表現(xiàn)出造型、質(zhì)感以及紋飾上的美。
工藝流程
銅雕的制作一般都要經(jīng)過銅的冶煉、鍛造、雕刻、鍍金、磨光、上紅等工序,并綜合應(yīng)用疊鑲、三色、點刻、烘煉,制綠,熔鑄、鏤雕等技法。序比較復(fù)雜,工藝也十分考究。
疊鑲:是將銅件復(fù)合、疊合、熔匯在一起,形成立體式的銅制品。
三色:是將銅板經(jīng)過手工磨、拋、點、硫化、局部鎦鍍等多道工藝后,呈現(xiàn)出金、銀、銅三種自然金屬本色。
點刻:包括點打、刻打、粗打、細(xì)打等,是指在銅雕上敲打出密密麻麻的麻點,使其組成所需圖案。
烘煉:是根據(jù)銅的屬性,通過烘煉對銅板進(jìn)行特殊處理以改變其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu),達(dá)到需要的展度、硬度。
制綠:是一種在短時間內(nèi)形成銅綠的工藝,可使銅雕免受大氣污染和雨雪侵蝕,達(dá)到保護銅表面的目的。
熔鑄:包括失蠟法、模具法和熔銅法三種鑄造方法。其中,失蠟法是用蠟制成模,外敷造型材料,成為整體鑄型,模具法是將大型銅雕經(jīng)分件澆鑄后銜接成一個整體,熔銅法的核心工藝為“無模可控熔鑄工藝”。
鏤雕:是一種通過鏤空,用手工鑲嵌夾層,形成多層次孔穴,并把字畫刻在銅板上,制作出多形鏤雕藝術(shù)品的工藝。
工藝特征
書藝結(jié)合
銅雕包括在銅板上作畫、寫字等。脫胎于石刻、木刻的壁掛而成,因此,很大程度上吸取了傳統(tǒng)石刻、木刻的藝術(shù)精華,并結(jié)合青銅器紋飾雕刻工藝,表現(xiàn)形式不斷發(fā)展。富地方特色的銅書藝壁畫,把名人的詩畫搬上銅板,再經(jīng)化學(xué)和物理處理,色調(diào)古樸,做到以畫為主體,以詩詞為襯托,具有強烈的感染力。
彩畫相間
銅板彩畫,將名勝古跡、自然風(fēng)光、花鳥、人物、神話等填繪噴涂而成,再經(jīng)氧化著色、拋光打磨、清洗上膜,便成了彩色銅雕畫,傳承人吸收了民間繪畫的精華和民間剪紙、年畫的藝術(shù)特色,運用到銅雕工藝上,使之具有豐富的表現(xiàn)力。
三色為本
銅雕不用噴涂上色,銅板上可以得到金、銀、銅三種自然金屬本色。這種工藝主要得益于紫金銅刻的發(fā)明專利。用歷史題材作背景,先在銅板面上繪畫。布局做到人最并茂,然后手工刻出立體浮雕,經(jīng)拋砂、打磨、蝕刻處理,在畫面上出現(xiàn)三種金屬顏色,達(dá)到閃閃發(fā)光的藝術(shù)效果。金、銀、銅三色成為畫面主體。其特點是不生銹、不褪色、不腐蝕、不脫落、不變形,保存時間長,極具收藏價值。
裝飾永久
銅雕用在建筑上的銅裝飾不易腐蝕,根據(jù)銅可延展的特性,結(jié)合銅建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)需要,做成門窗、斗拱、瓦片、水斗、幕墻、壁畫、包柱、屋梁等建筑銅構(gòu)件,對整個畫面的外輪郭進(jìn)行變形、著色的工藝處理,形成多層、多形、多孔、多棱、多面、多線的造型結(jié)構(gòu)。使得裝飾永久,色澤不變,造型新穎,堅固安全。
銅雕其造型多呈威嚴(yán)粗獷、端莊沉穩(wěn)之態(tài),表現(xiàn)出堅實渾厚、富麗輝煌的質(zhì)感。銅雕的紋飾主要為饕餮紋,或以動物頭部造型,再以鳥、獸、蟲、魚部分形體組成抽象的圖案來襯托銅雕造型。
富貴象征
利用銅的自身價值,做成各種工藝品,供人鑒賞收藏。古時候,人們把銅稱為"金",藏銅就是藏金,銅,《說文解字》曰:"赤金也。"最早就被認(rèn)為是與金子一樣貴重的金屬。所以,婚慶喜事總要與銅結(jié)緣。家中備點銅器,一是表示富裕,二是可以辟邪,三是顯得體面。
鑄造方法
銅雕的鑄造方法有很多種,較為常用的是失蠟法,失蠟法的主要制作順序是,用蠟制成膜,之后在其外敷造型材料,讓二者合二為一,以此來鑄型。
失蠟法
失蠟法也稱“熔模法”,是一種青銅等金屬器物的精細(xì)鑄造辦法。
做法
先用蠟做成鑄件的模型,再用其他耐火資料填充泥芯和敷成外范。加熱烘烤后,蠟?zāi)O?shù)熔化流失,使整個鑄件模型變成空殼。再往內(nèi)注入金屬熔液,便鑄成器物。以失蠟法鑄造的器物能夠玲瓏剔透,能做出鏤空的效果。
代表作
用失蠟法制作的最具有代表性的古代器物,就是曾侯乙尊盤。
優(yōu)點
用失蠟法鑄出的制品既無外殼痕跡,又無墊片的痕跡,用它鑄造鏤空的器物更佳。中國傳統(tǒng)的熔模鑄造技能對國際的冶金開展有很大的影響。現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的熔模精細(xì)鑄造,就是從傳統(tǒng)的失蠟法衍生而來的。雖然無論在所用蠟料、制模、造型資料、工藝辦法等方面,它們都有很大的不同,可是它們的工藝原理是一致的。
制作步驟
設(shè)計圖紙
設(shè)計雕塑造型首先對于雕塑的整體構(gòu)想而設(shè)計出圖紙,然后再依照此圖案的樣子鑄造出此鑄銅雕塑。
制作泥稿
要求根據(jù)相應(yīng)的圖紙做出個大致的模型,目的是為了方便定型。也為了發(fā)現(xiàn)有不完美的地方進(jìn)行修改。
模具翻制
一般來說模具有兩種:一種是石膏翻制。另一種是用硅膠翻制。翻制模具是根據(jù)作品的復(fù)雜程度而決定方案,較為簡單的作品可采取石膏翻制,復(fù)雜一點的就要用硅膠翻制。
石膏翻制
工具:盛石膏漿的容器(小盆或大碗)一個,鐵鏟刀一把,分模的插片(塑料或金屬片)若干。
材料:石膏粉(熟)、水和一些起加固作用的纖維物。
翻制石膏模具的步驟
1、插片分塊。分塊的目的是使模具易于從泥上拿下來而不損壞模具。先根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)把塑像的表面分成若干塊,以好啟模為原則,先劃線后插片。
2、調(diào)漿制模。在容器中放入清水,然后將石膏粉加入水中不要攪動,等水被吸收到石膏面上有一層水時為最好,此時再攪動石膏成糊狀,而后層層涂到泥塑的各個部分,直到預(yù)定厚度為止,但最應(yīng)注意的是第一層一定要涂勻,千萬不能留有氣孔。
3、啟模灌注。等石膏凝固(一般30分鐘可凝固)就可啟模。啟模前先拔去所有的插片,在縫隙中加些水潤滑(便于脫模),用鐵鏟輕輕撬動模塊,先啟小塊后啟大塊。模具啟下后清理干凈稍晾干,接著就可翻制雕塑了。翻制前先用濃肥皂粉水將模具涂一遍便于脫模,再將各塊模具重新組合在一起用鐵絲或細(xì)繩扎緊,翻制石膏像的石膏漿要稀一點(能流動就可以),從下部敞開處到入石膏模具中并不斷轉(zhuǎn)動,使石膏漿流遍模具內(nèi)各處,最好不要灌滿,最后靜等凝固。
4、脫模成像。對于一次性模具,用鐵鏟輕輕打去外模即可,若要保留模具,除分模時注意雕像不能阻礙啟模外,還要按先后順序啟模,才可能完整保留模具(以備再用),翻好的石膏像還要修理,用石膏漿補好在啟模過程中被損壞的部位。
硅膠翻制
材料:模具泥,原模型(如果沒有原模型的,要用精雕油泥先雕塑好),模具硅膠,脫模劑,AB水。
步驟:
1、先硬質(zhì)紙張做個盒子模型,在底部用模具泥把底部弄平整。
2、放入要翻制的產(chǎn)品模型零件。
3、放入要注入的湯口及排氣孔,并用圓形木棒在周圍插幾個洞以作為后面陽模的插銷。
4、準(zhǔn)備好液體硅膠、固化劑、滴管、紙杯和竹筷等。
5、用湯匙舀入需要用的量的硅膠。
6、按100:3的比例滴入固化劑。
7、攪拌均勻,如果沒有攪拌均勻會出現(xiàn)氣泡,所以一定切記要攪拌均勻。
8、將攪拌均勻的硅膠倒入紙盒的頭像模型上。
9、用噴筆輕輕在硅膠表面吹動,把氣泡吃出來,并等待干燥。
10、凝固后把盒底的模具泥取開,拿出粘土,陽模就完成了。
11、在頭像模型表面涂上脫模劑。
12、重復(fù)第四步到第九步的步驟。
13、等待硅膠干燥凝固。
14、將紙盒拆開,打開陰陽模,取出零件。
15、用小刀修改湯口及排氣孔,至此陰陽模完成。
16、準(zhǔn)備兩個小紙杯。
17、倒入合適的劑量,按1:1調(diào)好。
18、倒入模具中。
19、等待約20分鐘后,打開模具即完成硅膠翻模。
蠟型灌制
模具翻制完后再把融化好的石蠟灌到已經(jīng)制作好的石膏模具或硅膠模具里,等石蠟冷卻后拆開模具,蠟型作品就形成了,這一步我們稱其為“蠟型灌制“。
制殼
制殼采取兩種方案,小件或者復(fù)雜的用精致石英砂一層一層把制作好的蠟型包起來、然后再用高溫把殼里面的石蠟燒凈。另一種就是樹脂砂箱制作,砂箱制作一般適用于簡單的,平面浮雕,大銅錢,銅佛像的背面,等沒有多大工藝的光面。
銅雕制作的需要較強的專業(yè)技術(shù)和知識,銅雕制作是門技術(shù)活,一直是藝術(shù)家們熱衷追求和施展才華的技工之一。
澆鑄
高溫把銅化成銅水灌注到做好的殼或砂箱里面。清冒口打磨焊接,把已經(jīng)打磨好的銅雕拼在一起,成為一個完整的整體。這一步做完基本就能看出我們的銅雕大致樣子了。
銅雕樣式
人物銅雕
人物銅雕的鑄造工藝已經(jīng)流傳了千年,銅雕廠已經(jīng)形成了自己的一套生產(chǎn)工藝,結(jié)合現(xiàn)在的工藝技術(shù),人物雕塑的鑄造更加的精細(xì)準(zhǔn)確。人物銅塑是以古今中外的人物形象為設(shè)計題材設(shè)計而成的雕塑作品,按照人物出現(xiàn)的時間分為現(xiàn)代人物雕塑古代人物雕塑;按照人物生活的地區(qū)還可以分出歐式雕塑或者稱西方人物雕塑。人物銅雅使用很廣泛。
動物銅雕
動物銅雕非常具有特點,能夠清楚的表達(dá)人們想要表達(dá)的內(nèi)涵。一般用于藝術(shù)上的表現(xiàn),表達(dá)藝術(shù)家的審美、情感和理想的藝術(shù)。正是因為有了這些獨具匠心的特色,動物銅雕才被廣泛加工制造,成為21世紀(jì)動物藝術(shù)欣賞水平提升的一個重要標(biāo)志。動物銅雕一直是銅雕種類中一個重要的類型,不論是現(xiàn)代社會還是在古代,深受動們的喜愛,雕塑者通過細(xì)膩的雕塑制作刻畫,精心的設(shè)計將動物的形態(tài)以銅雕的形式保存展現(xiàn)出來,是動物和文化的統(tǒng)一,動物銅雕從銅鹿,銅馬的普通動物到銅麒麟,銅貔貅等神獸都有體現(xiàn)。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"銅雕具有非常久遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展歷史,作為擺件的存在,更有很多的記載在出土的文物中,無論大小,有很多的銅雕塑。銅雕的制作是以銅料為胚,運用雕刻,鑄塑等特殊手法制作出來的一種雕塑。銅雕藝術(shù)主要表現(xiàn)出造型、質(zhì)感以及紋飾上的美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KYgidquiUo22osxgFssc5zwenkh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工藝流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mc4Sd2KGAouYkCxs7lncN2Gjn4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"銅雕的制作一般都要經(jīng)過銅的冶煉、鍛造、雕刻、鍍金、磨光、上紅等工序,并綜合應(yīng)用疊鑲、三色、點刻、烘煉,制綠,熔鑄、鏤雕等技法。序比較復(fù)雜,工藝也十分考究。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LwYId00wsoQ4qkx6SbRcNPqOnUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"疊鑲:是將銅件復(fù)合、疊合、熔匯在一起,形成立體式的銅制品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BmOMdE06SomQC6xWSqPcffninkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三色:是將銅板經(jīng)過手工磨、拋、點、硫化、局部鎦鍍等多道工藝后,呈現(xiàn)出金、銀、銅三種自然金屬本色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WGQUd8G0SoYMgqxAxFqcWXYSnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"點刻:包括點打、刻打、粗打、細(xì)打等,是指在銅雕上敲打出密密麻麻的麻點,使其組成所需圖案。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KmEAd6aQuoCqGyxE1erc7revnfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"烘煉:是根據(jù)銅的屬性,通過烘煉對銅板進(jìn)行特殊處理以改變其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu),達(dá)到需要的展度、硬度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UkigdYQUyosY68xcxv1c2WhTnRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制綠:是一種在短時間內(nèi)形成銅綠的工藝,可使銅雕免受大氣污染和雨雪侵蝕,達(dá)到保護銅表面的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PO68dqAAsoSy60xK1wHcPQIdn69"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"熔鑄:包括失蠟法、模具法和熔銅法三種鑄造方法。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"其中,失蠟法是用蠟制成模,外敷造型材料,成為整體鑄型,模具法是將大型銅雕經(jīng)分件澆鑄后銜接成一個整體,熔銅法的核心工藝為“無模可控熔鑄工藝”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0IUdQ2kioCyogxEtgWcNlIznMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鏤雕:是一種通過鏤空,用手工鑲嵌夾層,形成多層次孔穴,并把字畫刻在銅板上,制作出多形鏤雕藝術(shù)品的工藝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bc22dcss0oqoygxsZbicNAI5ncg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工藝特征","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FioGdc8CYoASaKx4Hsscmvssnph"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"書藝結(jié)合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WEEmdImwgomSyCxq9cUc8pn3nwA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"銅雕包括在銅板上作畫、寫字等。脫胎于石刻、木刻的壁掛而成,因此,很大程度上吸取了傳統(tǒng)石刻、木刻的藝術(shù)精華,并結(jié)合青銅器紋飾雕刻工藝,表現(xiàn)形式不斷發(fā)展。富地方特色的銅書藝壁畫,把名人的詩畫搬上銅板,再經(jīng)化學(xué)和物理處理,色調(diào)古樸,做到以畫為主體,以詩詞為襯托,具有強烈的感染力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FyOQdAI62oGyw6xmMykc9p6In2e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"彩畫相間","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XAmYdikoqowG2gxuMIwcYJ64n0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"銅板彩畫,將名勝古跡、自然風(fēng)光、花鳥、人物、神話等填繪噴涂而成,再經(jīng)氧化著色、拋光打磨、清洗上膜,便成了彩色銅雕畫,傳承人吸收了民間繪畫的精華和民間剪紙、年畫的藝術(shù)特色,運用到銅雕工藝上,使之具有豐富的表現(xiàn)力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GmCsdCiMYooQOWxykxScowQUnVh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":326,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"彩畫相間","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c487eec3cbc849229550703160480280","width":592},"text":"","id":"T4eQdmEkIocskCxQVFncB4qFnTe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"三色為本","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y4QQdgKAeoyGKCx4rgYcxsEnnRf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"銅雕不用噴涂上色,銅板上可以得到金、銀、銅三種自然金屬本色。這種工藝主要得益于紫金銅刻的發(fā)明專利。用歷史題材作背景,先在銅板面上繪畫。布局做到人最并茂,然后手工刻出立體浮雕,經(jīng)拋砂、打磨、蝕刻處理,在畫面上出現(xiàn)三種金屬顏色,達(dá)到閃閃發(fā)光的藝術(shù)效果。金、銀、銅三色成為畫面主體。其特點是不生銹、不褪色、不腐蝕、不脫落、不變形,保存時間長,極具收藏價值。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IuW8dsgqWoUmcqxC2aXcNbEhnsN"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":472,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"三色為本","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/63f7a4d314a643a7934f66ee98c84cbd","width":658},"text":"","id":"K2OUdc8isooGc2xieakcp58SnSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"裝飾永久","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZmIsdiOi8o064ExG08ncD71CnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"銅雕用在建筑上的銅裝飾不易腐蝕,根據(jù)銅可延展的特性,結(jié)合銅建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)需要,做成門窗、斗拱、瓦片、水斗、幕墻、壁畫、包柱、屋梁等建筑銅構(gòu)件,對整個畫面的外輪郭進(jìn)行變形、著色的工藝處理,形成多層、多形、多孔、多棱、多面、多線的造型結(jié)構(gòu)。使得裝飾永久,色澤不變,造型新穎,堅固安全。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Sc8mdOaQIoiOuqxGWCwc5qERnoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"銅雕其造型多呈威嚴(yán)粗獷、端莊沉穩(wěn)之態(tài),表現(xiàn)出堅實渾厚、富麗輝煌的質(zhì)感。銅雕的紋飾主要為饕餮紋,或以動物頭部造型,再以鳥、獸、蟲、魚部分形體組成抽象的圖案來襯托銅雕造型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FAA0dm8Gmo6ecIxq08HcUgiNnYf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":350,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"裝飾永久","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9b8deb8ad1a240a5b5c7f33ac75ad331","width":350},"text":"","id":"KiY8deMkcok20YxgqbWcHaEZn45"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"富貴象征","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KmWed6k0WoSocKxQ5e9cvZRvnih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"利用銅的自身價值,做成各種工藝品,供人鑒賞收藏。古時候,人們把銅稱為\"金\",藏銅就是藏金,銅,《說文解字》曰:\"赤金也。\"最早就被認(rèn)為是與金子一樣貴重的金屬。所以,婚慶喜事總要與銅結(jié)緣。家中備點銅器,一是表示富裕,二是可以辟邪,三是顯得體面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LQMAdkQKWoeAgyx6GRvcfgVDnHh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":350,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"富貴象征","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cdb4032349424e34bdb140f045be2fd1","width":350},"text":"","id":"J0cidisykogcSOx04BJcUdUdn2c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"鑄造方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IiqEdy86yoS2Ysxm0vIcMxHinNb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"銅雕的鑄造方法有很多種,較為常用的是失蠟法,失蠟法的主要制作順序是,用蠟制成膜,之后在其外敷造型材料,讓二者合二為一,以此來鑄型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JKQqdik4woUeUcxwpeXcEgNYnJf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"失蠟法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KqGydq8MOoIs4KxWA9CcoHsfn8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"失蠟法也稱“熔模法”,是一種青銅等金屬器物的精細(xì)鑄造辦法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HEmwdIMkQoEkE0xm8VDcrDiXn5d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"做法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OCwydAMGQoWiWmxiKIOc6L7Ynwd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先用蠟做成鑄件的模型,再用其他耐火資料填充泥芯和敷成外范。加熱烘烤后,蠟?zāi)O?shù)熔化流失,使整個鑄件模型變成空殼。再往內(nèi)注入金屬熔液,便鑄成器物。以失蠟法鑄造的器物能夠玲瓏剔透,能做出鏤空的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YSaGdiQqyoqIeSxcbWncesbAnEe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"代表作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGCUd6OoqoGEmSx2iwfco9zBnpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用失蠟法制作的最具有代表性的古代器物,就是曾侯乙尊盤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C0UEdio42oc0gIxEbdlcKPmEn3f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":269,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"代表作","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e7f5f193e4e44cd1b8d32e7df9af0a34","width":270},"text":"","id":"BUcudsQqkoW8SIxiaSfcix8nnhc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"優(yōu)點","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GsMOduOeCo6qGIxiKgZcHdxJnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用失蠟法鑄出的制品既無外殼痕跡,又無墊片的痕跡,用它鑄造鏤空的器物更佳。中國傳統(tǒng)的熔模鑄造技能對國際的冶金開展有很大的影響。現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的熔模精細(xì)鑄造,就是從傳統(tǒng)的失蠟法衍生而來的。雖然無論在所用蠟料、制模、造型資料、工藝辦法等方面,它們都有很大的不同,可是它們的工藝原理是一致的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Vua0d2yQ4oWgouxOknxcAvxrnph"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作步驟 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SOwyd0Wueo04UYx0wujcPzjinDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"設(shè)計圖紙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VQqmdoGcaoKCYIxG29BcEC2OnXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"設(shè)計雕塑造型首先對于雕塑的整體構(gòu)想而設(shè)計出圖紙,然后再依照此圖案的樣子鑄造出此鑄銅雕塑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I60udUyqaoOiACxKihEcBp5TnZc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作泥稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6KodMcE8oOs0QxiAP6cd3X1nSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求根據(jù)相應(yīng)的圖紙做出個大致的模型,目的是為了方便定型。也為了發(fā)現(xiàn)有不完美的地方進(jìn)行修改。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HQEKdUYYGoAo8wxgDuecJeiVnGc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"模具翻制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HEWkdSK0moEAwOx2VSccSNICnxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般來說模具有兩種:一種是石膏翻制。另一種是用硅膠翻制。翻制模具是根據(jù)作品的復(fù)雜程度而決定方案,較為簡單的作品可采取石膏翻制,復(fù)雜一點的就要用硅膠翻制。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PE80due8EoC2EQxwVYachG06n0f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"石膏翻制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z6C0dqCEIomcCgxuWxycTgUpnOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具:盛石膏漿的容器(小盆或大碗)一個,鐵鏟刀一把,分模的插片(塑料或金屬片)若干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QS2Ed4OoaoeKqux4DmMc3tJtnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"材料:石膏粉(熟)、水和一些起加固作用的纖維物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YyC4dw82MoayICxS8FUcjq4dnKf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻制石膏模具的步驟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HU6AdUaoUomeOWxYtNSchZgCnRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、插片分塊。分塊的目的是使模具易于從泥上拿下來而不損壞模具。先根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)把塑像的表面分成若干塊,以好啟模為原則,先劃線后插片。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TWkEdKyuwoKGuMx4F1wc7hqgnmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、調(diào)漿制模。在容器中放入清水,然后將石膏粉加入水中不要攪動,等水被吸收到石膏面上有一層水時為最好,此時再攪動石膏成糊狀,而后層層涂到泥塑的各個部分,直到預(yù)定厚度為止,但最應(yīng)注意的是第一層一定要涂勻,千萬不能留有氣孔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OqOqdIw2qokoYIxac9ucYCb2ncc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、啟模灌注。等石膏凝固(一般30分鐘可凝固)就可啟模。啟模前先拔去所有的插片,在縫隙中加些水潤滑(便于脫模),用鐵鏟輕輕撬動模塊,先啟小塊后啟大塊。模具啟下后清理干凈稍晾干,接著就可翻制雕塑了。翻制前先用濃肥皂粉水將模具涂一遍便于脫模,再將各塊模具重新組合在一起用鐵絲或細(xì)繩扎緊,翻制石膏像的石膏漿要稀一點(能流動就可以),從下部敞開處到入石膏模具中并不斷轉(zhuǎn)動,使石膏漿流遍模具內(nèi)各處,最好不要灌滿,最后靜等凝固。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8CodoO6soCoGEx0sU7cy0wmnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、脫模成像。對于一次性模具,用鐵鏟輕輕打去外模即可,若要保留模具,除分模時注意雕像不能阻礙啟模外,還要按先后順序啟模,才可能完整保留模具(以備再用),翻好的石膏像還要修理,用石膏漿補好在啟模過程中被損壞的部位。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RO2wde8aAoYow8xWYtDctqGrndc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":411,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"石膏翻制","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2119de365e3941ffbf7a129eef722b0d","width":389},"text":"","id":"IQ2ydsq6YoACqIxCiPAcf4wXnDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"硅膠翻制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PG6adoCMUoIoeaxsTUucpSqznqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"材料:模具泥,原模型(如果沒有原模型的,要用精雕油泥先雕塑好),模具硅膠,脫模劑,AB水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fue4d0AqmoYmq8xWKincyepqnBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"步驟:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LOMWdWAgeo6sq2xcfPscnNPXnjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、先硬質(zhì)紙張做個盒子模型,在底部用模具泥把底部弄平整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NSAYdeqSAoAs2Kxk27tc0XK8nnb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、放入要翻制的產(chǎn)品模型零件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PY2ydMWk8okg0yx6s4Rc5hasn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、放入要注入的湯口及排氣孔,并用圓形木棒在周圍插幾個洞以作為后面陽模的插銷。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P06Qdm8isomCy2xgLFpckhR6nfh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、準(zhǔn)備好液體硅膠、固化劑、滴管、紙杯和竹筷等。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PEEUdce4eoU208xyABOcpHoYn8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、用湯匙舀入需要用的量的硅膠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Sgg6dWCEEommgGxUHvCctoE7nwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、按100:3的比例滴入固化劑。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LC0cdY6kGoOmgix8Qdcc8xwRncb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、攪拌均勻,如果沒有攪拌均勻會出現(xiàn)氣泡,所以一定切記要攪拌均勻。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MAKCdsAKkouiMIx4IbxcVmKWnDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、將攪拌均勻的硅膠倒入紙盒的頭像模型上。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DKE2diGCWosIsExY5iicrozWnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、用噴筆輕輕在硅膠表面吹動,把氣泡吃出來,并等待干燥。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AEyGdwsQWoQyqgxKeNRc67pcndg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、凝固后把盒底的模具泥取開,拿出粘土,陽模就完成了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dk6cdsy8IoAYqAxSuNcccINQnSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、在頭像模型表面涂上脫模劑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GqcEdiC6uo82o6xaOg3cdQDbnFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、重復(fù)第四步到第九步的步驟。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NokgdiiS4oO4UAxwdwdceB5jnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、等待硅膠干燥凝固。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dgi2dqei2oewcExuc2BcQ0Jrnsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、將紙盒拆開,打開陰陽模,取出零件。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ECewdqeGEoSAyixKeB7cdjLlnDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"15、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"用小刀修改湯口及排氣孔,至此陰陽模完成。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UuaMdsaOgoAewGxe6S0cBmz5nwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"16、準(zhǔn)備兩個小紙杯。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CO4MdKYcYoOO62xa8gkc1bEzn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"17、倒入合適的劑量,按1:1調(diào)好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"POI2douOIok0g6xYxlIcYkkHnYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"18、倒入模具中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rkc4dIWGcookGoxM7MgcXuEInQe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"19、等待約20分鐘后,打開模具即完成硅膠翻模。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QCuUdasE6oIeqwxIhmLcnoOOnMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":316,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"硅膠翻制","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8446b399b09b4b769f772a0725796313","width":482},"text":"","id":"Fka2dw44somsGSxMJWxcZWk1nLd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"蠟型灌制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H06yd2WgKoOMG2xiQphcYBk8nge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"模具翻制完后再把融化好的石蠟灌到已經(jīng)制作好的石膏模具或硅膠模具里,等石蠟冷卻后拆開模具,蠟型作品就形成了,這一步我們稱其為“蠟型灌制“。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O6GEdeaAeogEG6xcRfAc3zhcnWf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"制殼","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BgOmd0YIeoYUukxGudUcjymynDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制殼采取兩種方案,小件或者復(fù)雜的用精致石英砂一層一層把制作好的蠟型包起來、然后再用","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"高溫把殼里面的石蠟燒凈。另一種就是樹脂砂箱制作,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"砂箱制作一般適用于簡單的,平面浮雕,大銅錢,銅佛像的背面,等沒有多大工藝的光面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Him4d0QAAoWCMExEn3icnwuAnee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"銅雕制作的需要較強的專業(yè)技術(shù)和知識,銅雕制作是門技術(shù)活,一直是藝術(shù)家們熱衷追求和施展才華的技工之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YC4wdaYyEomkG0xK43dcUKKfnld"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"澆鑄","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KcUcdu2UMo4YaGxg7a0c4noen4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"高溫把銅化成銅水灌注到做好的殼或砂箱里面。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"清冒口打磨焊接,把已經(jīng)打磨好的銅雕拼在一起,成為一個完整的整體。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"這一步做完基本就能看出我們的銅雕大致樣子了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wg0CdwUgio8mcExI7NbcvNMInYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"銅雕樣式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WEYkdSm8goowuCxks6kczE9unlb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物銅雕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZYuCdSM6soUusUx23QdcS5tCnRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物銅雕的鑄造工藝已經(jīng)流傳了千年,銅雕廠已經(jīng)形成了自己的一套生產(chǎn)工藝,結(jié)合現(xiàn)在的工藝技術(shù),人物雕塑的鑄造更加的精細(xì)準(zhǔn)確。人物銅塑是以古今中外的人物形象為設(shè)計題材設(shè)計而成的雕塑作品,按照人物出現(xiàn)的時間分為現(xiàn)代人物雕塑古代人物雕塑;按照人物生活的地區(qū)還可以分出歐式雕塑或者稱西方人物雕塑。人物銅雅使用很廣泛。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xmk4des4ioKWUwxhUMrcpGZinqY"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":459,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人物銅雕","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/eac44d0773cb40368ccf317166cf3d48","width":376},"text":"","id":"W0a2dAmQqom4uex8Rkkcuk2nnfh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人物銅雕","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a2b4c18076e9477cafab96bed62ee4a5","width":500},"text":"","id":"IaUUdCWOUom8WuxYHdQcAUclnlc"}],"text":"","id":"OwMgdgAmQogacqx4eaJcntUqnIb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"動物銅雕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwMgdgAmQogacqx4eaJcntUqnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"動物銅雕非常具有特點,能夠清楚的表達(dá)人們想要表達(dá)的內(nèi)涵。一般用于藝術(shù)上的表現(xiàn),表達(dá)藝術(shù)家的審美、情感和理想的藝術(shù)。正是因為有了這些獨具匠心的特色,動物銅雕才被廣泛加工制造,成為21世紀(jì)動物藝術(shù)欣賞水平提升的一個重要標(biāo)志。動物銅雕一直是銅雕種類中一個重要的類型,不論是現(xiàn)代社會還是在古代,深受動們的喜愛,雕塑者通過細(xì)膩的雕塑制作刻畫,精心的設(shè)計將動物的形態(tài)以銅雕的形式保存展現(xiàn)出來,是動物和文化的統(tǒng)一,動物銅雕從銅鹿,銅馬的普通動物到銅麒麟,銅貔貅等神獸都有體現(xiàn)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PwuAdyGmmoGkkOx4n6ocCc2gnlf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":285,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"動物銅雕","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bba51b2b0c7a4c329b381b1ad6e7f5b9","width":400},"text":"","id":"CwMMdU0UioYOusxwv7bcgA4ondg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"動物銅雕","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d7e3411685e64fe0a695a6cb9e623908","width":400},"text":"","id":"Lsc6dccOwomQsOxIxMHc1akinSj"}],"text":"","id":"LiOqdEkygoG6e4xYbNWcDCrdnWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiOqdEkygoG6e4xYbNWcDCrdnWb"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E